10 Things Everyone Hates About Evolution Korea Evolution Korea
Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors and as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan, as well as styles of art and a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to join the army or to build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the time. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obedient to everyone and admired by even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements are evident in the form stone-lined cist graves with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of massive single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey found that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of 에볼루션 코리아 who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it reported on its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country at universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements imported from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments of music.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.